Written by Social media has undeniably transformed how we communicate, share ideas, and shape our identities. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are spaces where we connect and engage with broader cultural conversations. However, these platforms are increasingly becoming known for something darker: the rise of online insults, trolling, and an overall culture of disrespect. What impact does this have on our psychological well-being? And what does it say about us as a society?
The Rise of Online Insults
While social media was initially seen as a tool for connection and collaboration, it has also become a hotspot for rude behavior. Studies show that online interactions often lack the same level of civility as in-person conversations (Huang & Wu, 2018). This phenomenon can be partly attributed to “online disinhibition,” a term that refers to people’s lack of restraint when communicating online, where facial expressions and social cues are absent (Suler, 2004). Behind a screen, people tend to say things they might never dare to say in person.
Anonymity, too, plays a role. When users feel shielded by screen names or the vastness of the internet, they might feel emboldened to act in ways that are outside societal norms. In such settings, insults and harmful personal attacks are more likely to occur (Lapidot-Lefler & Barak, 2012).
How Insults Affect Psychological Wellbeing
The constant exposure to negativity, hostility, or personal insults can impact our mental health. For instance, research links frequent online harassment to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation among vulnerable populations (Michell et al., 2020). Adolescents and young adults, often heavy social media users, may be especially vulnerable. Studies show that online insults impact young users’ self-esteem, leading to body image issues, depression, and social withdrawal (Patchin & Hinduja, 2018).
Moreover, social media can often create a “comparison culture,” where users frequently compare themselves to others, particularly influencers who display idealized versions of their lives. When combined with insults or trolling, this can create a sense of inadequacy, which might exacerbate feelings of loneliness or self-doubt (Vogel et al., 2014). Over time, people may internalize these insults, leading to negative self-perceptions and hindering self-esteem.
Why Do We Resort to Insults Online?
In many ways, the culture of online insults reflects more significant social and psychological dynamics. One reason behind this behavior is “moral grandstanding” — a tendency to use social media to display one’s moral beliefs. Moral grandstanding often involves criticizing others to gain validation from like-minded peers, which can lead to polarized discussions and more aggressive online behaviors (Tosi & Warmke, 2016).
Another aspect is the idea of “tribalism.” Social media often pushes users into echo chambers, where people with similar beliefs or values congregate. In these environments, insults against the “out-group” or those who hold opposing views become more normalized, amplifying aggression and hostility in ways that can quickly spiral out of control (Sunstein, 2017).
What Can We Do to Protect Our Mental Health?
Though the culture of insults on social media can be overwhelming, there are ways to protect our psychological well-being:
- Limit Exposure: It’s easy to get pulled into online arguments or to dwell on negative comments. Setting boundaries, like limiting screen time or muting certain words or accounts, can help reduce the frequency of exposure to harmful content.
- Be Mindful of What You Engage With Social media algorithms are designed to keep you engaged. Unfortunately, anger or negativity can be highlighted because they drive engagement. Mindful of what you “like” or comment on can help shift your feed toward positive, constructive content.
- Practice Self-Compassion: Remember that insults often say more about the person delivering them than about you. Practicing self-compassion, forgiving yourself for perceived flaws, and focusing on your growth can act as a buffer against external negativity (Neff, 2011).
- Seek Support: If you feel the adverse effects of social media insults, don’t hesitate to reach out. Talking with friends, family, or a mental health professional can provide perspective and support that helps mitigate the impact of online negativity.
Moving Toward a Healthier Online Culture
Of course, changing the broader culture on social media is no easy task. However, platforms have made strides, introducing tools to report abuse, block harmful content, and promote positivity. For instance, campaigns that encourage kindness and empathy online—#BeKind—show a desire for healthier digital communities. Still, real change will require a collective effort and a continued focus on cultivating empathy and respect, both on and offline.
Social media can be a space for connection, joy, and inspiration. By understanding the ways that insults and negativity affect our psychological well-being and taking steps to foster a kinder online culture, we can transform these digital spaces into places where we uplift, rather than tear down, one another.
References
Huang, P., & Wu, M. (2018). The effects of online disinhibition on aggressive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 14(2), 103-112.
Lapidot-Lefler, N., & Barak, A. (2012). Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 434-443.
Michell, D., et al. (2020). The mental health impact of cyberbullying and online harassment in young adults. Digital Health Journal, 6, 205520762090358.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2018). Cyberbullying: Prevention and response. Cyberbullying Research Center.
Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326.
Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.
Tosi, J., & Warmke, B. (2016). Moral grandstanding. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 44(3), 197-217.
Vogel, E. A., et al. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206-222.